Malcolm was the seventh of his father's nine children - three by a previous marriage - and his mother's fourth child.

'This extraordinary autobiography is a brilliant, painful, important book'The New York Times View moreMalcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, on he dropped the 'slave name' Little and adopted the initial X (representing an unknown) when he became a member of the Nation of Islam. 'This extraordinary autobiography is a brilliant, painful, important book'The New York Times

If you enjoyed The Autobiography of Malcolm X, you might like Nelson Mandela's No Easy Walk to Freedom, also available in Penguin Modern Classics. Paroled in 1952, he became an outspoken defender of Muslim doctrines, formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity in 1963, and had received considerable publicity by the time of his assassination in 1965. It was in prison that Malcolm X converted to Islam. Leaving school early, he soon became part of Harlem's underworld, and in 1946 he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. Malcolm X (1925-65), born Malcolm Little in Omaha, and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, lost both his parents at a young age. Vilified by his critics as an anti-white demagogue, Malcolm X gave a voice to unheard African-Americans, bringing them pride, hope and fearlessness, and remains an inspirational and controversial figure. This autobiography (written with Alex Haley) reveals his quick-witted integrity, usually obscured by batteries of frenzied headlines, and the fierce idealism which led him to reject both liberal hypocrisies and black racialism. As their spokesman he became identified in the white press as a terrifying teacher of race hatred but to his direct audience, the oppressed American blacks, he brought hope and self-respect. From hustling, drug addiction and armed violence in America's black ghettos Malcolm X turned, in a dramatic prison conversion, to the puritanical fervour of the Black Muslims. Malcolm X's The Autobiography of Malcolm X was written in collaboration with Alex Haley, author of Roots, and includes an introduction by Paul Gilroy, author of The Black Atlantic, in Penguin Modern Classics. By Alex Haley (Author), Malcolm X (Author), Paul Gilroy (Introduction By)

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